自由軟體 (Open Source Software)

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文章 最新資訊：OpenSource 交易市場 …. — http://techorange.com/2014/03/26/binpress/ 簡介 所謂的自由軟體，並不是免費軟體，而是開放原始碼軟體。但是由於英文的 Free 有兩個意思，一個是自由，一個是免費，因此經常造成誤解。所以在使用英文表達時我們用 Open Source 一詞。 對於程式設計師而言，只有透過研究程式的原始碼，才能理解其設計原理，並進一步修改這些程式。開放原始碼的軟體由於原始碼公開給大家研究並修改，因此讓程式設計師得到相當大的自由，可以自由的理解、修改程式。因此開放原始碼軟體又稱自由軟體。 開放原始碼運動可視為一種智慧財產的釋放運動，其主要法律議題乃是在挑戰傳統的著作權概念，將版權自願釋出、甚至強迫釋出， 這種運動從 1980 年代 Richard Stallman 成立 GNU 組織開始提倡程式碼開放理念，到 2001 年由 Lawrence Lessig 成立 CC 組織，轉為一個版權開放運動，形成一股由程式設計界擴散到法律出版界的網路運動。 開放原始碼授權列表 自由軟體鑄造場:授權精靈 V3.3 實務操作 請下載 Linux 核心的最新原始程式碼，並找出其授權宣言。 請下載 gcc 編譯器的最新原始程式碼，並找出其授權宣言。 請下載 Apache Web Server 編譯器的最新原始程式碼，並找出其授權宣言。 請下載 Notepad++ 的最新原始程式碼，並找出其授權宣言。 解答 Linux 下載點：http://www.kernel.org/ 授權檔： Linux 的授權 Linux 採用系統呼叫例外的 GPLv2 授權，聲明如下。 NOTE! This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use kernel services by normal system calls - this is merely considered normal use of the kernel, and does *not* fall under the heading of "derived work". Also note that the GPL below is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, but the instance of code that it refers to (the Linux kernel) is copyrighted by me and others who actually wrote it. Also note that the only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated. Linus Torvalds ---------------------------------------- GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE Version 2, June 1991 ... gcc 請用下列指令下載原始碼 svn checkout svn://gcc.gnu.org/svn/gcc/trunk SomeLocalDir http://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html gcc 採用 GPLv2 授權，但是執行時期函式庫採用下列授權。 GCC RUNTIME LIBRARY EXCEPTION Version 3.1, 31 March 2009 Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/> Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. This GCC Runtime Library Exception ("Exception") is an additional permission under section 7 of the GNU General Public License, version 3 ("GPLv3"). It applies to a given file (the "Runtime Library") that bears a notice placed by the copyright holder of the file stating that the file is governed by GPLv3 along with this Exception. When you use GCC to compile a program, GCC may combine portions of certain GCC header files and runtime libraries with the compiled program. The purpose of this Exception is to allow compilation of non-GPL (including proprietary) programs to use, in this way, the header files and runtime libraries covered by this Exception. 0. Definitions. A file is an "Independent Module" if it either requires the Runtime Library for execution after a Compilation Process, or makes use of an interface provided by the Runtime Library, but is not otherwise based on the Runtime Library. "GCC" means a version of the GNU Compiler Collection, with or without modifications, governed by version 3 (or a specified later version) of the GNU General Public License (GPL) with the option of using any subsequent versions published by the FSF. "GPL-compatible Software" is software whose conditions of propagation, modification and use would permit combination with GCC in accord with the license of GCC. "Target Code" refers to output from any compiler for a real or virtual target processor architecture, in executable form or suitable for input to an assembler, loader, linker and/or execution phase. Notwithstanding that, Target Code does not include data in any format that is used as a compiler intermediate representation, or used for producing a compiler intermediate representation. The "Compilation Process" transforms code entirely represented in non-intermediate languages designed for human-written code, and/or in Java Virtual Machine byte code, into Target Code. Thus, for example, use of source code generators and preprocessors need not be considered part of the Compilation Process, since the Compilation Process can be understood as starting with the output of the generators or preprocessors. A Compilation Process is "Eligible" if it is done using GCC, alone or with other GPL-compatible software, or if it is done without using any work based on GCC. For example, using non-GPL-compatible Software to optimize any GCC intermediate representations would not qualify as an Eligible Compilation Process. 1. Grant of Additional Permission. You have permission to propagate a work of Target Code formed by combining the Runtime Library with Independent Modules, even if such propagation would otherwise violate the terms of GPLv3, provided that all Target Code was generated by Eligible Compilation Processes. You may then convey such a combination under terms of your choice, consistent with the licensing of the Independent Modules. 2. No Weakening of GCC Copyleft. The availability of this Exception does not imply any general presumption that third-party software is unaffected by the copyleft requirements of the license of GCC. Apache Web Server 程式碼，並找出其授權宣言。 http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Apache HTTP Server 使用 Apache License 2.0 授權，在 /httpd-2.2.22/LICENSE 檔中有寫。 Apache License Version 2.0, January 2004 http://www.apache.org/licenses/ 請下載 Notepad++ 編譯器的最新原始程式碼，並找出其授權宣言。 分兩部分： /PowerEditor 部分使用 GPL 授權 /scintilla 部分使用下列授權條件 License for Scintilla and SciTE Copyright 1998-2003 by Neil Hodgson <[e-mail]> All Rights Reserved Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation. NEIL HODGSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL NEIL HODGSON BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Notepad++ http://notepad-plus-plus.org/download/v6.1.2.html http://download.tuxfamily.org/notepadplus/6.1.2/npp.6.1.2.src.7z 開放原始碼相關網站 sourceforge google code apache stackoverflow code project 自由軟體列表 自由軟體鑄造場 The Best Free Softwares for Windows pen source software alternatives SourceForge : Find free open source software freshmeat 參考影片 Tech Talk: Linus Torvalds on git The Origins of Linux - Linus Torvalds Interview with Linus Torvalds Richard Stallman - Lecture in Lund part 1/17 Richard Stallman - DRM Richard Stallman - Copyright and Community P1/12 參考文獻 維基百科：《大教堂與市集》（The Cathedral and the Bazaar） 中譯全文：大教堂與市集 (The Cathedral and the Bazaar) 理查德·斯托曼 林纳斯·托瓦兹 Linux内核 Unix_wars UNIX:History and Timeline 自由软件运动 開放源碼 維基百科：《大教堂與市集》（The Cathedral and the Bazaar） 大教堂與市集 (The Cathedral and the Bazaar) 《开源软件文集》英文版 开源软件 自由软件基金会 GNU通用公共许可证 MIT許可證 BSD许可证 LGPL 宽通用公共许可证 Mozilla公共许可证 GFDL 自由文档许可证 Copyleft All Rights Reversed GNU 工程 自由軟體的故事：Richard Stallman － 自由軟體之父 五种开源协议的比较(BSD,Apache,GPL,LGPL,MIT) - 整理 Free Software Directory 軟體自由協會 電子書：Free as in Freedom, Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software, By Sam Williams, March 2002. Open Source Initiative Facebook 留言 Facebook Wikidot Post preview: Close preview or Sign in as Wikidot user (will not be published) - + Help: wiki text quick reference 授權 本網頁的作者、授權與引用方式 作者 陳鍾誠，於金門大學資訊工程系，電子郵件：wt.ude.uqn|ccc#wt.ude.uqn|ccc，網站：http://ccckmit.wikidot.com。 授權 本文採用創作共用 (Creative Common) 3.0 版的 姓名標示─非商業性─相同方式分享 授權條款，歡迎轉載或修改使用，但若做為商業使用時必須取得授權，引用本文時請參考下列格式。 中文版 (APA格式) 陳鍾誠 (05 Mar 2010 01:01)，(網頁標題) 自由軟體 (Open Source Software)，(網站標題) 陳鍾誠的網站，取自 http://ccckmit.wikidot.com/op:opensource ，網頁修改第 28 版。 英文版 (APA格式) Chung-Chen Chen (05 Mar 2010 01:01), Retrieved from http://ccckmit.wikidot.com/op:opensource , Page Revision 28.