自由軟體 (Open Source Software)

開放原始碼

簡介

歷史

自由軟體

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開放資料

開放論文

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開放課程

開放書籍

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參考文獻

最新修改

簡體版

English

最新資訊:OpenSource 交易市場 …. — http://techorange.com/2014/03/26/binpress/

簡介

所謂的自由軟體,並不是免費軟體,而是開放原始碼軟體。但是由於英文的 Free 有兩個意思,一個是自由,一個是免費,因此經常造成誤解。所以在使用英文表達時我們用 Open Source 一詞。

對於程式設計師而言,只有透過研究程式的原始碼,才能理解其設計原理,並進一步修改這些程式。開放原始碼的軟體由於原始碼公開給大家研究並修改,因此讓程式設計師得到相當大的自由,可以自由的理解、修改程式。因此開放原始碼軟體又稱自由軟體。

開放原始碼運動可視為一種智慧財產的釋放運動,其主要法律議題乃是在挑戰傳統的著作權概念,將版權自願釋出、甚至強迫釋出,
這種運動從 1980 年代 Richard Stallman 成立 GNU 組織開始提倡程式碼開放理念,到 2001 年由 Lawrence Lessig 成立 CC 組織,轉為一個版權開放運動,形成一股由程式設計界擴散到法律出版界的網路運動。

開放原始碼授權列表

  1. 自由軟體鑄造場:授權精靈 V3.3
OpenSourceLicense.jpg

實務操作

  • 請下載 Linux 核心的最新原始程式碼,並找出其授權宣言。
  • 請下載 gcc 編譯器的最新原始程式碼,並找出其授權宣言。
  • 請下載 Apache Web Server 編譯器的最新原始程式碼,並找出其授權宣言。
  • 請下載 Notepad++ 的最新原始程式碼,並找出其授權宣言。

解答

  1. Linux
   NOTE! This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use kernel
 services by normal system calls - this is merely considered normal use
 of the kernel, and does *not* fall under the heading of "derived work".
 Also note that the GPL below is copyrighted by the Free Software
 Foundation, but the instance of code that it refers to (the Linux
 kernel) is copyrighted by me and others who actually wrote it.

 Also note that the only valid version of the GPL as far as the kernel
 is concerned is _this_ particular version of the license (ie v2, not
 v2.2 or v3.x or whatever), unless explicitly otherwise stated.

            Linus Torvalds

----------------------------------------

            GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
               Version 2, June 1991
        ...
  1. gcc 請用下列指令下載原始碼
GCC RUNTIME LIBRARY EXCEPTION

Version 3.1, 31 March 2009

Copyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.

This GCC Runtime Library Exception ("Exception") is an additional
permission under section 7 of the GNU General Public License, version
3 ("GPLv3"). It applies to a given file (the "Runtime Library") that
bears a notice placed by the copyright holder of the file stating that
the file is governed by GPLv3 along with this Exception.

When you use GCC to compile a program, GCC may combine portions of
certain GCC header files and runtime libraries with the compiled
program. The purpose of this Exception is to allow compilation of
non-GPL (including proprietary) programs to use, in this way, the
header files and runtime libraries covered by this Exception.

0. Definitions.

A file is an "Independent Module" if it either requires the Runtime
Library for execution after a Compilation Process, or makes use of an
interface provided by the Runtime Library, but is not otherwise based
on the Runtime Library.

"GCC" means a version of the GNU Compiler Collection, with or without
modifications, governed by version 3 (or a specified later version) of
the GNU General Public License (GPL) with the option of using any
subsequent versions published by the FSF.

"GPL-compatible Software" is software whose conditions of propagation,
modification and use would permit combination with GCC in accord with
the license of GCC.

"Target Code" refers to output from any compiler for a real or virtual
target processor architecture, in executable form or suitable for
input to an assembler, loader, linker and/or execution
phase. Notwithstanding that, Target Code does not include data in any
format that is used as a compiler intermediate representation, or used
for producing a compiler intermediate representation.

The "Compilation Process" transforms code entirely represented in
non-intermediate languages designed for human-written code, and/or in
Java Virtual Machine byte code, into Target Code. Thus, for example,
use of source code generators and preprocessors need not be considered
part of the Compilation Process, since the Compilation Process can be
understood as starting with the output of the generators or
preprocessors.

A Compilation Process is "Eligible" if it is done using GCC, alone or
with other GPL-compatible software, or if it is done without using any
work based on GCC. For example, using non-GPL-compatible Software to
optimize any GCC intermediate representations would not qualify as an
Eligible Compilation Process.

1. Grant of Additional Permission.

You have permission to propagate a work of Target Code formed by
combining the Runtime Library with Independent Modules, even if such
propagation would otherwise violate the terms of GPLv3, provided that
all Target Code was generated by Eligible Compilation Processes. You
may then convey such a combination under terms of your choice,
consistent with the licensing of the Independent Modules.

2. No Weakening of GCC Copyleft.

The availability of this Exception does not imply any general
presumption that third-party software is unaffected by the copyleft
requirements of the license of GCC.
  1. Apache Web Server 程式碼,並找出其授權宣言。
                                 Apache License
                           Version 2.0, January 2004
                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
  • 請下載 Notepad++ 編譯器的最新原始程式碼,並找出其授權宣言。
    • 分兩部分:
      • /PowerEditor 部分使用 GPL 授權
      • /scintilla 部分使用下列授權條件
License for Scintilla and SciTE

Copyright 1998-2003 by Neil Hodgson <neilh@scintilla.org>

All Rights Reserved 

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its 
documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, 
provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that 
both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in 
supporting documentation. 

NEIL HODGSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS 
SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY 
AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL NEIL HODGSON BE LIABLE FOR ANY 
SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES 
WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, 
WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER 
TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE 
OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
  1. Notepad++

開放原始碼相關網站

  1. sourceforge
  2. google code
  3. apache
  4. stackoverflow
  5. code project

自由軟體列表

  1. 自由軟體鑄造場
  2. The Best Free Softwares for Windows
  3. pen source software alternatives
  4. SourceForge : Find free open source software
  5. freshmeat

參考影片

  1. Tech Talk: Linus Torvalds on git
  2. The Origins of Linux - Linus Torvalds
  3. Interview with Linus Torvalds
  4. Richard Stallman - Lecture in Lund part 1/17
  5. Richard Stallman - DRM
  6. Richard Stallman - Copyright and Community P1/12

參考文獻

  1. 維基百科:《大教堂與市集》(The Cathedral and the Bazaar)
  2. 理查德·斯托曼
  3. 林纳斯·托瓦兹
  4. Linux内核
  5. Unix_wars
  6. UNIX:History and Timeline
  7. 自由软件运动
  8. 開放源碼
  9. 維基百科:《大教堂與市集》(The Cathedral and the Bazaar)
  10. 《开源软件文集》英文版
  11. 开源软件
  12. 自由软件基金会
  13. GNU通用公共许可证
  14. MIT許可證
  15. BSD许可证
  16. LGPL 宽通用公共许可证
  17. Mozilla公共许可证
  18. GFDL 自由文档许可证
  19. Copyleft
  20. All Rights Reversed
  21. GNU 工程
  22. 自由軟體的故事:Richard Stallman - 自由軟體之父
  23. 五种开源协议的比较(BSD,Apache,GPL,LGPL,MIT) - 整理
  24. Free Software Directory
  25. 軟體自由協會
  26. 電子書:Free as in Freedom, Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software, By Sam Williams, March 2002.
  27. Open Source Initiative

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