自然語言理解系統:MARGIE

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剖析器 ELI (English Language Interpreter) 把英文句子轉成概念依存的標準形式 CD
短程推論器 MEMORY 根據 CD 產生所有的可能推論
長層推論 SAM (Script Applied Mechanism)
PAM (Plan Applied Mechanism)
MOP (Memory Organization Packet.)
導引推論的進行方向,組織更上層的理解形式
語句生成 BABEL 把 CD 概念表達式轉回英文句子。

MARGIE [Roger C. Schank] : 一個故事理解系統

  • ELI (C.K.Riesbeck) : English Language Interpreter (把語句轉為 CD structure)

CD primitive
ATRANS : transfer of possession
PROPEL : physical force
PTRANS : transfer of physical object
INGEST : internalization
EXPEL : externalization
MTRANS : transfer mental information.
MBUILD : create new concept.
MOVE : movement of body part
GRASP : physically contacting an object
SPEAK : vocalization
ATTEND : directing a sense organ. 感官注意

  • MEMORY (Charles J. Reiger III):根據 CD 結構圖產生所有的可能推論
  • BABEL (Neil Goldman) :把 CD 結構圖轉回英文句子
  • IPP:Text skimmer 摘要程式 , FRUMP 知道許多 domain 的大綱,IPP 反過來進行深入理解,領域是恐怖份子的新聞,包含 extorting, kidnappings, bombings, skyjack, shootings…
  • POLITICS:瞭解政治事件的程式
  • IPTs : interpersonal themes
  • OPUS : with knowledge about object primitives.
  • MOPs : Memory Organization Pocket

1. Careful Reading
Construct a complete representation of a narrative, including all physical events and mental states, along with a very bottom-up manner.
2. Multiple Knowledge Domains

Parsing : like ELI
Plan : like PAM
Script : like SAM
Sketchy script : like FRUMP

  • SAM (Richard Collingford) — Script Applier Mechanism — 處理標準劇本的程式 (指導推論的方向)

Script :
Restaruant
Auto-repair
Bus-Ride
Airplan-Ride
Crocery-Shopping
Movie

  • PAM (Robert Wilensky) Plan Applier Mechanism — 處理計畫推論的程式 (動機、目標) (goal/plan)

Goal Plan
S-goal : satisfaction goals.
S-Hungary :
D-goal : Delta goals represent desires for a change in state.
D-Know : want to know
D-Prox : want to go to.
D-Cont : desire to control something
D-SOCCONT : desire to control someone D-Cont : by
Ask
Inform-reason
Threaten
Overpower
Steal
E-goal : Entertainment goal
E-Company :
E-Travel :
E-Exercise :
A-goal : Achievement goal
Good-Job
A-Skill
P-goal : Preservation goal
P-Comfort :
P-Appearance :
P-Finances :

  • FRUMP [Gerald DeJong 1982] : Text skimmer 自動摘要程式

(使用 sketchy script 來對Unit Press International新聞作摘要),包含 earthquakes, kidnappings, visiting dignitaries, labor strikes, and breaking diplomatic relations).

例如:earthquake— time, place, magnitude and number of casualties caused by the quake.
Sketchy Script :

Example : DEMOSTRATION

1. The demostrators arrive at the demostration location.
2. The demonstrator march.
3. Police arrive one the scene.
4. The demostrator communicate with the target of the demostration.
5. The demonstratort attack the target of the demonstration
6. The demonstrator attack the police
7. The police attack the demonstrators.
8. The police arrast the demonstrators.

Script Constraint

1. Semantic constraints on script variables
Example : the demonstrators must be human
2. Constraints between script variable
Example : in the DEPORT script the country responsible for the deportation must be the same as the country the deported person leaves
3. Causation relations to other requests and references to other sketchy script
Example : any deaths in a vehicle accident are due to the crash event.

Main Component :

1. Predicator
2. Substantiator

  • TALE-SPIN (James Meehan) : 簡單故事的產生程式,自動寫出簡單故事的程式。

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