自然語言處理：概念依存理論

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以 Roger C. Shank 為首的耶魯學派，進行了長達十幾年的深度理解研究，Shank 所使用的語意導向方法有點類似與 fillmore 的格變語法，其所使用的結構稱為 Conceptual Dependency Structure (CD structure)，他提出了一個完整的格位體系，並以格位的填充作為格變語法的理解機制，製作出數個語意理解的程式。

表達結構

  • CD structure
    • AGENT perform ACTION on OBJECT with INSTRUMENT from SOURCE to TARGET
    • OBJECT is in STATE
    • ROLE :
      • AGENT, ACTION, OBJECT, INSTRUMENT, RECEIPENT : Donner (授與者) , Receiver (接受者)
    • 範疇：(吳蔚天 1999, 58)
      • 行為、狀態、關係、因果

基本原素 (Primitives)

  • PP : Real world objects
  • ACT : Real world actions.
    • ATRANS : The transfer of an abstgract relationship such as possession owner ship, or control.
    • PTRANS : The transfer of physical location of an object.
      • PROPEL(推): The application of a physical force to an object
      • MOVE : The movement of a bodypart of an animal.
      • GRASP : The grasping of an object by an actor.
      • INGEST : The taking in of an object by an animal.
      • EXPEL : The expulsion from the body of animal into the world.
      • MTRANS : The transfer of mental information between animals or within an animal. We partition ` into CP (conscious processor), LTM (long-term memory), and sense organs. MTRANSing takes place between these mental locations.
      • MBUILD : The construction by an animal of new information from old information.
      • SPEAK : The action of producing sounds from the mouth.
      • ATTEND : The action of directing a sense organ towards an object.
      • CONC : The conceptualizing or thinking about an idea by an animal.
    • STATE :
      • PA : Attributes of objects.
      • AA : Attributes of actions.
      • MS : Mental State
      • PS : Physical State
      • ANTICIPATON :
      • AWARENESS :
      • ANGER :
      • FEARNESS :
      • HEALTH :
      • LENGTH :
      • COLOR :
      • LIGHT-INTENSITY :
      • MASS :
  • Relation
      • CONTROL :
      • PART :
      • POSS :
      • OWNERSHIP :
      • CONTAIN :
      • PROXIMITY :
      • PHYS-CONT : physical - contact
  • T : Times
      • (p) : past
      • () : now
      • (f) : future
      • (∞) : any time
      • (Ts) : Start of transition
      • (Te) : End of a transition
  • LOC : Locations
      • (?) : question
      • (/) : negative
      • (c) : condition
      • (k) : sequential

剖析範例

範例 : Fred gave Mary a book

  • Process :

Initial state of memory :

  • CONCEPT-LIST : -
  • DEMON-LIST : -
  • 處理詞彙 : Fred
CONCEPT-LIST [ (HUMAN     GENDER (MALE)
                NAME (Fred))    ]
    DEMON-LIST : ---
  • 處理詞彙 : Gave
CONCEPT-LIST [ (HUMAN     GENDER (MALE)
                NAME (Fred))
(ATRANS    ACTOR    *
OBJECT    *
TO        *  )    ]
    DEMON-LIST : [     DEMON-1 : (EXPECT 'HUMAN' BEFORE)
                DEMON-2 : (EXPECT 'OBJECT' AFTER)
                DEMON-3 : (EXPECT 'HUMAN' AFTER) ]

After DEMON-1 fired :
    CONCEPT-LIST [     (ATRANS    ACTOR (HUMAN     GENDER (MALE)
                        OBJECT *
                        TO *  )  ]
    DEMON-LIST    [ DEMON-2      : (EXPECT 'OBJECT' AFTER)

 DEMON-3 : : (EXPECT 'HUMAN' AFTER) ]
  • 處理詞彙 : Mary
    CONCEPT-LIST    [ (ATRANS    ACTOR     (HUMAN    GENDER     (MALE)
                                        NAME     (Fred)
                        OBJECT     *
                        TO         * )
                  (HUMAN GENDER (FEMALE)
                        NAME (Mary)    ]
After DEMON-3 fired
    CONCEPT-LIST    [ (ATRANS    ACTOR     (HUMAN    GENDER     (MALE)
                                        NAME     (Fred)
                        OBJECT     *
                        TO         (HUMAN  GENDER     (FEMALE)
NAME    (Mary)))    ]
  • 處理詞彙 : A
    Nothing happened .
  • 處理詞彙 : Book
    CONCEPT-LIST    : [ (ATRANS        ACTOR    (HUMAN    GENDER (MALE)
                                             NAME (Fred)
                            OBJECT    *
                            TO        (HUMAN     GENDER (FEMALE)
                                    NAME    FEMALE (Mary)))
                  (PHYSICAL-OBJECT    NAME    (Book))    ]
    DEMON-LIST : [ DEMON-2 ]

After DEMON-2 fired
CONCEPT-LIST : [ ( ATRANS    ACTOR    (HUMAN    GENDER     (MALE)
                                        NAME    (Fred)
                        OBJECT    (PHYSICAL-OBJECT    NAME     (Book))
                        TO            (HUMAN     GENDER (FEMALE)
                                    NAME    FEMALE (Mary)))    ]

Disambiguation
( DEF-WORD GAVE
    SENSE [ (M1 (ATRANS ACTOR    *
                    OBJECT    *
                    TO        *
                    TIME     (PAST)))
          (M2 (MTRANS    ACTOR    *
                    OBJECT    *
                    FROM    *
                    TO        *
                    INSTRUMENT *))  ]
    DISAMBIG-DEMONS    [….])
  • 1. For any two sentences that are identical in meaning, regardless of language, there should be only one representation
  • 2. Any Information in a sentence that is implicit must be made explicit in the representation of the meaning of that sentence. (Schank and Abelson, 1977, pg 11)

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