.386 .model flat INCLUDELIB LIBCMT printf PROTO C, format:PTR BYTE, args:VARARG .data sum DWORD 0 formatStr BYTE "sum=%d", 0dh, 0ah, 0 PUBLIC _main .code _main PROC MOV eax, 1 FOR1: ADD sum, eax ADD eax, 1 CMP eax, 10 JLE FOR1 INVOKE printf, ADDR formatStr, sum ret 0 _main ENDP END

D:\code\ASM>ml sum.asm Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 9.00.21022.08 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Assembling: sum.asm Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 9.00.21022.08 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /OUT:sum.exe sum.obj D:\code\ASM>sum sum=55

.386 .model flat INCLUDELIB LIBCMT printf PROTO C, format:PTR BYTE, args:VARARG .data num DWORD 0 formatStr BYTE "num=%d", 0dh, 0ah, 0 PUBLIC _main .code _main PROC MOV eax, 1 ADD eax, 4 SUB eax, 2 MOV num, eax INVOKE printf, ADDR formatStr, num ret 0 _main ENDP END

D:\code\ASM>ml add.asm Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 9.00.21022.08 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Assembling: add.asm Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 9.00.21022.08 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /OUT:add.exe add.obj D:\code\ASM>add num=3

.386 .model flat INCLUDELIB LIBCMT printf PROTO C, format:PTR BYTE, args:VARARG .data sum DWORD 0 formatStr BYTE "sum=%d", 0dh, 0ah, 0 PUBLIC _main .code _main PROC MOV eax, 1 FOR1: ADD sum, eax ADD eax, 1 CMP eax, 10 JLE FOR1 INVOKE printf, ADDR formatStr, sum ret 0 _main ENDP END

D:\code\ASM>ml sum.asm Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 9.00.21022.08 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Assembling: sum.asm Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 9.00.21022.08 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /OUT:sum.exe sum.obj D:\code\ASM>sum sum=55

asm( ; 內嵌起始符號 assembler template ; 組合語言程式 : output operands ; : 輸出參數列表 : input operands ; : 輸入參數列表 : list of clobbered registers ; : 被更改的暫存器列表 ); ; 結束符號

int main(void) ; ... { ; movl $10, -8(%ebp) ; foo=-8(%ebp)=10 int foo = 10, bar = 15; ; movl $15, -12(%ebp) ; bar=-12(%ebp)=15 ; 輸入參數： asm( ; movl -8(%ebp), %eax ; eax = -8(%ebp)=foo "addl %%ebx,%%eax" ; movl -12(%ebp), %ebx ; ebx = -12(%ebp)=bar :"=a"(foo) ; /APP ; 嵌入的程式 :"a"(foo), "b"(bar) ; addl %ebx,%eax ; eax = eax+ebx ); ; /NO_APP ; 傳出參數 ; movl %eax, -8(%ebp) ; foo=eax printf("foo=%d\n", foo); ; movl -8(%ebp), %eax return 0; ; movl %eax, 4(%esp) } ; movl $LC0, (%esp) ; call _printf ; ...

$ gcc -S inlineAsm1.c -o inlineAsm1.s ; 將C程式編譯為組合語言 $ gcc inlineAsm1.s -o inlineAsm1 ; 組譯 inlineAsm1.s 組合語言檔 $ ./inlineAsm1 ; 執行inlineAsm1 的執行檔 foo=25 ; 結果： foo+bar 的值為25

int main(void) ; { ; movl $10, -4(%ebp) ; foo=-4(%ebp)=10 int foo = 10, bar = 15; ; movl $15, -8(%ebp) ; bar=-8(%ebp)=15 ; ; 輸入參數： asm( ; movl -4(%ebp), %ecx ; ecx = -4(%ebp)=foo "addl %2,%0" ; movl -8(%ebp), %edx ; edx = -8(%ebp)=bar :"=r"(foo) ; /APP ; 嵌入的程式 :"0"(foo), "r"(bar) ; addl %edx,%ecx ; eax = eax+ebx :"0" ); ; /NO_APP printf("foo=%d\n", foo); ; movl %ecx, %edx ; 傳出參數 return 0; ; movl %edx, %eax ; foo=eax } ; movl %eax, -4(%ebp) ; movl -4(%ebp), %eax ; movl %eax, 4(%esp) ; movl $LC0, (%esp) ; call _printf

... ; ... _main: ; _main: pushl %ebp ; pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp ; movl %esp, %ebp pushl %ebx ; subl $24, %esp subl $20, %esp ; andl $-16, %esp andl $-16, %esp ; movl $0, %eax movl $0, %eax ; addl $15, %eax addl $15, %eax ; addl $15, %eax addl $15, %eax ; shrl $4, %eax shrl $4, %eax ; sall $4, %eax sall $4, %eax ; movl %eax, -12(%ebp) movl %eax, -16(%ebp) ; movl -12(%ebp), %eax movl -16(%ebp), %eax ; call __alloca call __alloca ; call ___main call ___main ; movl $10, -4(%ebp) movl $10, -8(%ebp) ; movl $15, -8(%ebp) movl $15, -12(%ebp) ; movl -4(%ebp), %ecx movl -8(%ebp), %eax ; movl -8(%ebp), %edx movl -12(%ebp), %ebx ; /APP /APP ; addl %edx,%ecx addl %ebx,%eax ; /NO_APP /NO_APP ; movl %ecx, %edx movl %eax, -8(%ebp) ; movl %edx, %eax movl -8(%ebp), %eax ; movl %eax, -4(%ebp) movl %eax, 4(%esp) ; movl -4(%ebp), %eax movl $LC0, (%esp) ; movl %eax, 4(%esp) call _printf ; movl $LC0, (%esp) movl $0, %eax ; call _printf movl -4(%ebp), %ebx ; movl $0, %eax leave ; leave ret ; ret ... ; ...

File:ch03/f2.s ; File:ch03/f2.c .file "f2.c" ; #include <stdio.h> .def ___main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef ; .section .rdata,"dr" ; LC0: ; .ascii "y=%d\12\0" ; .text ; .globl _main ; .def _main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef ; _main: ; int main() { pushl %ebp ; // 保存框架指標 movl %esp, %ebp ; // 設定堆疊指標 subl $24, %esp ; // 分配區域變數空間 andl $-16, %esp ; movl $0, %eax ; addl $15, %eax ; addl $15, %eax ; shrl $4, %eax ; sall $4, %eax ; movl %eax, -12(%ebp) ; movl -12(%ebp), %eax ; call __alloca ; // 分配堆積(heap)空間 call ___main ; movl $1, -4(%ebp) ; int x = 1; movl -4(%ebp), %eax ; int y; movl %eax, (%esp) ; call _f1 ; y = f1(x); movl %eax, -8(%ebp) ; // y = eax movl -8(%ebp), %eax ; // eax = y movl %eax, 4(%esp) ; // 參數 y (推入堆疊) movl $LC0, (%esp) ; // 參數 "y=%d\n" call _printf ; printf("y=%d\n", y); movl $1, %eax ; // 設定傳回值 eax=1 leave ; ret ; return 1; .globl _f1 ; } .def _f1; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef ; _f1: ; int f1(int t) { pushl %ebp ; // 保存框架指標 movl %esp, %ebp ; // 設定堆疊指標 subl $8, %esp ; // 分配區域變數空間 leal 8(%ebp), %eax ; // eax = 8(%ebp) 的位址 movl %eax, (%esp) ; // esp 上移 8 byte call _f2 ; int b = f2(&t); movl %eax, -4(%ebp) ; // -4(%ebp) 就是 b movl -4(%ebp), %eax ; // eax = b addl -4(%ebp), %eax ; // eax = eax + b leave ; ret ; return b+b; .globl _f2 ; } .def _f2; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef ; _f2: ; int f2(int *p) { pushl %ebp ; // 保存框架指標 movl %esp, %ebp ; // 設定堆疊指標 subl $4, %esp ; // 分配區域變數空間 movl 8(%ebp), %eax ; movl (%eax), %eax ; addl $5, %eax ; int r= *p+5; movl %eax, -4(%ebp) ; // 設定傳回值 eax=r movl -4(%ebp), %eax ; leave ; ret ; return r; .def _f2; .scl 3; .type 32; .endef ; } .def _printf; .scl 3; .type 32; .endef ; .def _f1; .scl 3; .type 32; .endef ;

int main() { int x=5, y=3, t; t=x; x=y; y=t; printf("x=%d\n",x); printf("y=%d\n",y); return 1; }

 .file "swap.c" .def ___main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .section .rdata,"dr" LC0: .ascii "x=%d\12\0" LC1: .ascii "y=%d\12\0" .text .globl _main .def _main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef _main: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp subl $24, %esp andl $-16, %esp movl $0, %eax addl $15, %eax addl $15, %eax shrl $4, %eax sall $4, %eax movl %eax, -16(%ebp) movl -16(%ebp), %eax call __alloca call ___main movl $5, -4(%ebp) movl $3, -8(%ebp) movl -4(%ebp), %eax movl %eax, -12(%ebp) movl -8(%ebp), %eax movl %eax, -4(%ebp) movl -12(%ebp), %eax movl %eax, -8(%ebp) movl -4(%ebp), %eax movl %eax, 4(%esp) movl $LC0, (%esp) call _printf movl -8(%ebp), %eax movl %eax, 4(%esp) movl $LC1, (%esp) call _printf movl $1, %eax leave ret .def _printf; .scl 3; .type 32; .endef

 .file "swap.c" .def ___main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef .section .rdata,"dr" LC0: .ascii "x=%d\12\0" LC1: .ascii "y=%d\12\0" .data x: .long 5 y: .long 3 t: .long 0 .text .globl _main .def _main; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef _main: pushl %ebp movl %esp, %ebp subl $24, %esp andl $-16, %esp movl $0, %eax addl $15, %eax addl $15, %eax shrl $4, %eax sall $4, %eax movl %eax, -16(%ebp) movl -16(%ebp), %eax call __alloca call ___main movl x, %eax movl %eax, t movl y, %eax movl %eax, x movl t, %eax movl %eax, y movl x, %eax movl %eax, 4(%esp) movl $LC0, (%esp) call _printf movl y, %eax movl %eax, 4(%esp) movl $LC1, (%esp) call _printf movl $1, %eax leave ret .def _printf; .scl 3; .type 32; .endef

$ gcc -S swap.c -o swap.s … 修改 swap.s 為 swap_asm.s $ gcc swap.s -o swap.o $ ./swap.o x=3 y=5 $ gcc swap_asm.s -o swap_asm.o $ ./swap_asm.o x=3 y=5

 .data x: .long 5 ; int x = 5, y = 3, t; y: .long 3 ; … t: .long 0 ; … ; movl x, %eax ; t=x; movl %eax, t ; movl y, %eax ; x=y; movl %eax, x ; movl t, %eax ; y=t; movl %eax, y ; movl x, %eax ; 將 x 放入參數區 movl %eax, 4(%esp) ; movl $LC0, (%esp) ; 將 "x=%d\n" (LC0) 放入參數區 call _printf ; printf("x=%d\n",x); movl y, %eax ; 將 y 放入參數區 movl %eax, 4(%esp) ; movl $LC1, (%esp) ; 將 "y=%d\n" (LC1) 放入參數區 call _printf ; printf("y=%d\n",y); … ; …

C:\ccc\SP\code\ch03>as -a gnu_sum.s GAS LISTING gnu_sum.s page 1 1 .data 2 0000 00000000 sum: .long 0 3 0004 00000000 .text 3 00000000 3 00000000 4 .globl _asmMain 5 .def _asmMain; .scl 2; .type 32; .endef 6 _asmMain: 7 0000 B8010000 mov $1, %eax 7 00 8 FOR1: 9 0005 01050000 addl %eax, sum 9 0000 10 000b 83C001 addl $1, %eax 11 000e 83F80A cmpl $10,%eax 12 0011 7EF2 jle FOR1 13 0013 A1000000 movl sum, %eax 13 00 14 0018 C3909090 ret 14 90909090 GAS LISTING gnu_sum.s page 2 DEFINED SYMBOLS *ABS*:00000000 fake gnu_sum.s:2 .data:00000000 sum gnu_sum.s:6 .text:00000000 _asmMain gnu_sum.s:8 .text:00000005 FOR1 NO UNDEFINED SYMBOLS

 .486 ; create 32 bit code .model flat, stdcall ; 32 bit memory model option casemap :none ; case sensitive include \masm32\include\dialogs.inc include simple.inc dlgproc PROTO :DWORD,:DWORD,:DWORD,:DWORD .code start: mov hInstance, FUNC(GetModuleHandle,NULL) call main invoke ExitProcess,eax main proc Dialog "Simple Dialog","MS Sans Serif",10, \ ; caption,font,pointsize WS_OVERLAPPED or WS_SYSMENU or DS_CENTER, \ ; style 2, \ ; control count 50,50,150,80, \ ; x y co-ordinates 1024 ; memory buffer size DlgButton "&OK",WS_TABSTOP,48,40,50,15,IDCANCEL DlgStatic "Simple Dialog Written In MASM32",SS_CENTER,2,20,140,9,100 CallModalDialog hInstance,0,dlgproc,NULL ret main endp dlgproc proc hWin:DWORD,uMsg:DWORD,wParam:DWORD,lParam:DWORD .if uMsg == WM_INITDIALOG invoke SendMessage,hWin,WM_SETICON,1,FUNC(LoadIcon,NULL,IDI_ASTERISK) .elseif uMsg == WM_COMMAND .if wParam == IDCANCEL jmp quit_dialog .endif .elseif uMsg == WM_CLOSE quit_dialog: invoke EndDialog,hWin,0 .endif xor eax, eax ret dlgproc endp end start

TITLE Add and Subtract (AddSub.asm) INCLUDE Irvine32.inc .code ; 程式段開始 main PROC ; 主程式 mov eax,10000h ; EAX = 10000h ; 將 0x10000 存入 eax 當中 add eax,40000h ; EAX = 50000h ; 將 0x 40000 加到eax 當中 sub eax,20000h ; EAX = 30000h ; 從 eax 中減去 0x20000 call DumpRegs ; 呼叫 DumpRegs 將所有暫存器印出 exit ; 離開程式 main ENDP END main

 EAX=00030000 EBX=7FFDF000 ECX=0012FFB0 EDX=7C92E514 ESI=00000000 EDI=0B3DF9D4 EBP=0012FFF0 ESP=0012FFC4 EIP=00401024 EFL=00000206 CF=0 SF=0 ZF=0 OF=0 AF=0 PF=1

C:\ccc\SP\code\ch03>ml /Fl sum.asm Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 9.00.21022.08 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Assembling: sum.asm Microsoft (R) Incremental Linker Version 9.00.21022.08 Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. /OUT:sum.exe sum.obj

Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 9.00.21022.08 09/08/09 12:12:08 add_print.asm Page 1 - 1 .386 .model flat INCLUDELIB LIBCMT printf PROTO C, format:PTR BYTE, args:VARARG 00000000 .data 00000000 00000000 num DWORD 0 00000004 6E 75 6D 3D 25 formatStr BYTE "num=%d", 0dh, 0ah, 0 64 0D 0A 00 PUBLIC _main 00000000 .code 00000000 _main PROC 00000000 B8 00000001 MOV eax, 1 00000005 83 C0 04 ADD eax, 4 00000008 83 E8 02 SUB eax, 2 0000000B A3 00000000 R MOV num, eax INVOKE printf, ADDR formatStr, num 00000023 C3 ret 0 00000024 _main ENDP END Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 9.00.21022.08 09/08/09 12:12:08 add_print.asm Symbols 2 - 1 Segments and Groups: N a m e Size Length Align Combine Class FLAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GROUP _DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Bit 0000000D DWord Public 'DATA' _TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Bit 00000024 DWord Public 'CODE' Procedures, parameters, and locals: N a m e Type Value Attr _main . . . . . . . . . . . . . P Near 00000000 _TEXT Length= 00000024 Public printf . . . . . . . . . . . . . P Near 00000000 FLAT Length= 00000000 External C Symbols: N a m e Type Value Attr @CodeSize . . . . . . . . . . . Number 00000000h @DataSize . . . . . . . . . . . Number 00000000h @Interface . . . . . . . . . . . Number 00000000h @Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number 00000007h @code . . . . . . . . . . . . . Text _TEXT @data . . . . . . . . . . . . . Text FLAT @fardata? . . . . . . . . . . . Text FLAT @fardata . . . . . . . . . . . . Text FLAT @stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . Text FLAT formatStr . . . . . . . . . . . Byte 00000004 _DATA num . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DWord 00000000 _DATA 0 Warnings 0 Errors

Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 9.00.21022.08 09/08/09 12:14:46 sum.asm Page 1 - 1 .386 .model flat INCLUDELIB LIBCMT printf PROTO C, format:PTR BYTE, args:VARARG 00000000 .data 00000000 00000000 sum DWORD 0 00000004 73 75 6D 3D 25 formatStr BYTE "sum=%d", 0dh, 0ah, 0 64 0D 0A 00 PUBLIC _main 00000000 .code 00000000 _main PROC 00000000 B8 00000001 MOV eax, 1 00000005 FOR1: 00000005 01 05 00000000 R ADD sum, eax 0000000B 83 C0 01 ADD eax, 1 0000000E 83 F8 0A CMP eax, 10 00000011 7E F2 JLE FOR1 INVOKE printf, ADDR formatStr, sum 00000026 C3 ret 0 00000027 _main ENDP END Microsoft (R) Macro Assembler Version 9.00.21022.08 09/08/09 12:14:46 sum.asm Symbols 2 - 1 Segments and Groups: N a m e Size Length Align Combine Class FLAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GROUP _DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Bit 0000000D DWord Public 'DATA' _TEXT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Bit 00000027 DWord Public 'CODE' Procedures, parameters, and locals: N a m e Type Value Attr _main . . . . . . . . . . . . . P Near 00000000 _TEXT Length= 00000027 Public FOR1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . L Near 00000005 _TEXT printf . . . . . . . . . . . . . P Near 00000000 FLAT Length= 00000000 External C Symbols: N a m e Type Value Attr @CodeSize . . . . . . . . . . . Number 00000000h @DataSize . . . . . . . . . . . Number 00000000h @Interface . . . . . . . . . . . Number 00000000h @Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number 00000007h @code . . . . . . . . . . . . . Text _TEXT @data . . . . . . . . . . . . . Text FLAT @fardata? . . . . . . . . . . . Text FLAT @fardata . . . . . . . . . . . . Text FLAT @stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . Text FLAT formatStr . . . . . . . . . . . Byte 00000004 _DATA sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DWord 00000000 _DATA 0 Warnings 0 Errors

.code16 #使用16位元模式彙編 .text #程式碼片段開始 mov %cs,%ax mov %ax,%ds mov %ax,%es call DispStr #調用顯示字串常式 jmp . #無限迴圈 DispStr: mov $msg, %ax mov %ax,%bp #ES:BP = 串地址 mov $16,%cx #CX = 串長度 mov $0x1301,%ax #AH = 13, AL = 01h mov $0x00c,%bx #頁號為0(BH = 0) 黑底紅字(BL = 0Ch,高亮) mov $0,%dl int $0x10 #10h 號中斷 ret msg:.ascii "Hello, Booter !" .org 510 #填充到~510~位元組處 .word 0xaa55 #結束標誌

SECTIONS { .text 0x7c00 : { c = .; /* Program will be loaded to 0x7c00. */ } = 0 }

CC=gcc LD=ld # 使用連接腳本 boot.ld LDFILE=boot.ld OBJCOPY=objcopy all: boot.img # Step 1: 使用 gcc 將 boot.S 編譯成目的檔 boot.o boot.o: boot.S $(CC) -c boot.S # Step 2: 使用ld 連接腳本 boot.ld 將 boot.o 連接成可執行檔 boot.elf boot.elf: boot.o $(LD) boot.o -o boot.elf -e c -T$(LDFILE) # Step 3: 使用 objcopy 移除 boot.elf 中沒有用的 段(.comment,.note,...), # 並且去掉所有符號資訊，輸出為二進位檔案 boot.bin 。 boot.bin : boot.elf @$(OBJCOPY) -R .pdr -R .comment -R.note -S -O binary boot.elf boot.bin # Step 4: 生成可啟動軟碟鏡像。 boot.img: boot.bin @dd if=boot.bin of=boot.img bs=512 count=1 # 呼叫 boot.bin 生成鏡像檔第一個磁區， # 並在 bin 生成的鏡像檔後補上空白，最後成為合適大小的軟碟鏡像 @dd if=/dev/zero of=boot.img skip=1 seek=1 bs=512 count=2879 clean: @rm -rf boot.o boot.elf boot.bin boot.img

ccc@ccc-kmit2 ~/boot $ make clean ccc@ccc-kmit2 ~/boot $ ls Makefileboot.ldboot.s ccc@ccc-kmit2 ~/boot $ make gcc -c boot.S ld boot.o -o boot.elf -e c -Tboot.ld 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 512 bytes (512 B) copied, 0 s, Infinity B/s # 在 bin 生成的鏡像檔後補上空白，最後成為合適大小的軟碟鏡像 2879+0 records in 2879+0 records out 1474048 bytes (1.5 MB) copied, 0.085 s, 17.3 MB/s ccc@ccc-kmit2 ~/boot $ ls -all total 1455 drwxrwxrwx+ 2 ccc None 0 May 28 14:42 . drwxrwxrwx+ 11 ccc None 0 May 28 12:02 .. -rwxrwxrwx 1 ccc None 866 Apr 28 13:07 Makefile -rwxr-xr-x 1 ccc None 512 May 28 14:42 boot.bin -rwxr-xr-x 1 ccc None 1890 May 28 14:42 boot.elf -rw-r--r-- 1 ccc None 1474560 May 28 14:42 boot.img -rwxrwxrwx 1 ccc None 96 May 28 11:19 boot.ld -rw-r--r-- 1 ccc None 858 May 28 14:42 boot.o -rwxrwxrwx 1 ccc None 453 May 28 11:21 boot.s

code segment ; start 段開始位址 assume cs:code,ds:code ; 設定程式段及資料段 org 100h ; 起始位址 start: jmp begin ; 程式進入點 msg db 'Hello!$' ; 要印出的訊息 begin: mov dx,offset msg ; 設定參數 ds:dx = 字串起點 mov ah,9 ; 設定9號服務 int 21h ; 進行DOS系統呼叫 mov ax,4c00h ; 設定4C號服務 int 21h ; 進行DOS系統呼叫 code ends ; .code 段結束 end ; 程式結束點

… mov $msg, %ax mov %ax,%bp #ES:BP = 串地址 mov $6,%cx #CX = 串長度 mov $0x1301,%ax #AH = 13, AL = 01h mov $0x00C,%bx #頁號為0(BH = 0) 黑底紅字(BL = 0Ch,高亮) mov $0,%dl int $0x10 #10h 號中斷 ret msg:.ascii "Hello!" …