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教科書

  1. 邏輯與計算機設計, 作者:江昭皚。范丙林, 出版社:東華, 出版日期:2005年02月25日。
  2. 計算機結構 — 實務取向 — http://ccckmit.wikidot.com/co:main
  3. Computer Organization and Design Fundamentals, David L. Tarnoff, July 6, 2007.

紙本參考書

  1. 計算機硬體結構, 作者:謝金石,全華出版社
  2. 計算機結構-計量方法, 作者:Hennessy.Patterson, 譯者:郭景致, 巫坤品, 阮聖彰, 李春良, 出版社:東華, 出版日期:2008年06月27日
  3. 計算機組織, 作者:Carl Hamacher 等, 譯者:劉宇軒, 學貫出版社

電子參考書

  1. http://www.freebookcentre.net/CompuScience/Free-Computer-Architecture-Books-Download.html
  2. Computer Structures: Readings & Examples - Contents

授課大綱

Preface................ xxi
Chapter One: Digital Signals and Systems .......... 1
1.1 Should Software Engineers Worry About Hardware?..... 1
1.2 Non-Digital Signals............. 3
1.3 Digital Signals................ 4
1.4 Conversion Systems............ 6
1.5 Representation of Digital Signals ........... 7
1.6 Types of Digital Signals........... 9
1.6.1 Edges ................9
1.6.2 Pulses................9
1.6.3 Non-Periodic Pulse Trains ........... 10
1.6.4 Periodic Pulse Trains.......... 11
1.6.5 Pulse-Width Modulation ......... 13
1.7 Unit Prefixes ................ 15
1.8 What's Next? ................ 16
Problems...................16
Chapter Two: Numbering Systems .......... 17
2.1 Unsigned Binary Counting.......... 17
2.2 Binary Terminology............... 20
2.3 Unsigned Binary to Decimal Conversion ....... 20
2.4 Decimal to Unsigned Binary Conversion ....... 23
2.5 Binary Representation of Analog Values........ 25
2.6 Sampling Theory............... 31
2.7 Hexadecimal Representation............ 34
2.8 Binary Coded Decimal........... 36
2.9 Gray Codes.............. 37
2.10 What's Next? .............. 40
Problems...................41
Chapter Three: Binary Math and Signed Representations ...... 43
3.1 Binary Addition............43
3.2 Binary Subtraction ............ 45
3.3 Binary Complements..............46
3.3.1 One's Complement .............46
3.3.2 Two's Complement............. 47
3.3.3 Most Significant Bit as a Sign Indicator ..... 50
3.3.4 Signed Magnitude .............. 51
vi Computer Organization and Design Fundamentals
3.3.5 MSB and Number of Bits........ 51
3.3.6 Issues Surrounding the Conversion of Binary Numbers. 52
3.3.7 Minimums and Maximums.......... 55
3.4 Floating Point Binary............. 57
3.5 Hexadecimal Addition ........... 61
3.6 BCD Addition ..............64
3.7 Multiplication and Division by Powers of Two........ 65
3.8 Easy Decimal to Binary Conversion Trick ..... 67
3.9 Arithmetic Overflow.............. 67
3.10 What's Next? .............. 69
Problems ..................69
Chapter Four: Logic Functions and Gates........ 71
4.1 Logic Gate Basics ............. 71
4.1.1 NOT Gate............72
4.1.2 AND Gate ................72
4.1.3 OR Gate............... 73
4.1.4 Exclusive-OR (XOR) Gate .......... 74
4.2 Truth Tables................. 75
4.3 Timing Diagrams for Gates ............. 79
4.4 Combinational Logic ............. 80
4.5 Truth Tables for Combinational Logic ...... 83
4.6 What's Next? ................ 86
Problems ..................87
Chapter Five: Boolean Algebra ........... 89
5.1 Need for Boolean Expressions......... 89
5.2 Symbols of Boolean Algebra........... 90
5.3 Boolean Expressions of Combinational Logic .... 92
5.4 Laws of Boolean Algebra ........... 95
5.5 Rules of Boolean Algebra........... 96
5.5.1 NOT Rule............96
5.5.2 OR Rules............. 96
5.5.3 AND Rules...............97
5.5.4 XOR Rules ...............98
5.5.5 Derivation of Other Rules ............ 99
5.6 Simplification............. 101
5.7 DeMorgan's Theorem .......... 103
5.8 What's Next? .............. 106
Problems ................ 107
Table of Contents vii
Chapter Six: Standard Boolean Expression Formats.... 109
6.1 Sum-of-Products .............109
6.2 Converting an SOP Expression to a Truth Table.... 110
6.3 Converting a Truth Table to an SOP Expression.... 112
6.4 Product-of-Sums .............114
6.5 Converting POS to Truth Table .......... 115
6.6 Converting a Truth Table to a POS Expression...... 118
6.7 NAND-NAND Logic........... 119
6.8 What's Next? .............. 122
Problems.................123
Chapter Seven: Karnaugh Maps ............ 125
7.1 The Karnaugh Map .............. 125
7.2 Using Karnaugh Maps .............. 129
7.3 "Don't Care" Conditions in a Karnaugh Map..... 137
7.4 What's Next? .............. 138
Problems.................139
Chapter Eight: Combinational Logic Applications ....... 141
8.1 Adders ..............141
8.2 Seven-Segment Displays........... 147
8.3 Active-Low Signals.............. 151
8.4 Decoders................152
8.5 Multiplexers ...............155
8.6 Demultiplexers ................157
8.7 Integrated Circuits........... 159
8.8 What's Next? .............. 163
Problems.................164
Chapter Nine: Binary Operation Applications ......... 165
9.1 Bitwise Operations...............165
9.1.1 Clearing/Masking Bits ..........167
9.1.2 Setting Bits ............. 171
9.1.3 Toggling Bits............... 171
9.2 Comparing Bits with XOR............. 173
9.3 Parity ................174
9.4 Checksum..............175
9.5 Cyclic Redundancy Check ............. 179
9.5.1 CRC Process........... 185
9.5.2 CRC Implementation ............ 187
9.6 Hamming Code ............... 188
viii Computer Organization and Design Fundamentals
9.7 What's Next? .............. 199
Problems ................ 199
Chapter Ten: Memory Cells .............. 203
10.1 New Truth Table Symbols........... 203
10.1.1 Edges/Transitions........... 203
10.1.2 Previously Stored Values......... 204
10.1.3 Undefined Values........... 204
10.2 The S-R Latch............... 205
10.3 The D Latch ............. 209
10.4 Divide-By-Two Circuit........... 212
10.5 Counter................ 213
10.6 Parallel Data Output........... 214
10.7 What's Next? ............ 215
Problems ................ 216
Chapter Eleven: State Machines ............ 217
11.1 Introduction to State Machines ......... 217
11.1.1 States ............... 217
11.1.2 State Diagrams .......... 218
11.1.3 Errors in State Diagrams .......... 222
11.1.4 Basic Circuit Organization....... 222
11.2 State Machine Design Process.......... 225
11.3 Another State Machine Design: Pattern Detection .... 234
11.4 Mealy Versus Moore State Machines......... 237
11.5 What's Next? ............ 238
Problems ................ 239
Chapter Twelve: Memory Organization ......... 241
12.1 Early Memory ............... 241
12.2 Organization of Memory Device ........... 242
12.3 Interfacing Memory to a Processor........ 244
12.3.1 Buses ............... 244
12.3.2 Memory Maps........... 248
12.3.3 Address Decoding.......... 250
12.3.4 Chip Select Hardware ......... 255
12.4 Memory Mapped Input/Output......... 259
12.5 Memory Terminology............. 260
12.5.1 Random Access Memory ......... 260
12.5.2 Read Only Memory............. 261
12.5.3 Static RAM versus Dynamic RAM ........ 261
Table of Contents ix
12.5.4 Types of DRAM and Their Timing ........ 263
12.5.5 Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Memory .... 266
12.6 What's Next? ............ 267
Problems.................267
Chapter Thirteen: Memory Hierarchy ....... 269
13.1 Characteristics of the Memory Hierarchy........ 269
13.2 Physical Characteristics of a Hard Drive ......... 269
13.2.1 Hard Drive Read/Write Head........ 270
13.2.2 Data Encoding........... 272
13.2.3 Hard Drive Access Time .......... 275
13.2.4 S.M.A.R.T. ...........278
13.3 Organization of Data on a Hard Drive ........ 279
13.4 Cache RAM.............. 284
13.4.1 Cache Organization............. 286
13.4.2 Dividing Memory into Blocks ...... 287
13.4.3 Cache Operation............. 289
13.4.4 Cache Characteristics .......... 290
13.4.5 Cache Mapping Functions........ 290
13.4.6 Cache Write Policy ............. 299
13.5 Registers..............300
13.6 What's Next? ............ 300
Problems.................301
Chapter Fourteen: Serial Protocol Basics........ 303
14.1 OSI Seven-Layer Network Model ......... 303
14.2 Serial versus Parallel Data Transmission......... 304
14.3 Anatomy of a Frame or Packet ......... 306
14.4 Sample Protocol: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet....... 308
14.5 Sample Protocol: Internet Protocol ........ 310
14.6 Sample Protocol: Transmission Control Protocol...... 313
14.7 Dissecting a Frame............. 317
14.8 Additional Resources .............. 320
14.9 What's Next? ............ 322
Problems.................322
Chapter Fifteen: Introduction to Processor Architecture.. 325
15.1 Organization versus Architecture........... 325
15.2 Components .............325
15.2.1 Bus..............325
15.2.2 Registers...............326
x Computer Organization and Design Fundamentals
15.2.3 Flags................ 327
15.2.4 Buffers............. 328
15.2.5 The Stack.............. 329
15.2.6 I/O Ports ............... 331
15.3 Processor Level............. 332
15.4 CPU Level................ 333
15.5 Simple Example of CPU Operation....... 334
15.6 Assembly and Machine Language......... 338
15.7 Big-Endian/Little-Endian............. 345
15.8 Pipelined Architectures........... 346
15.9 Passing Data To and From Peripherals....... 350
15.9.1 Memory-Mapped I/O .......... 351
15.9.2 Polling ............. 353
15.9.3 Interrupts .............. 354
15.9.4 Direct Memory Access........ 355
15.9.5 I/O Channels and Processors......... 356
15.10 What's Next?............... 357
Problems ................ 357
Chapter Sixteen: Intel 80x86 Base Architecture....... 359
16.1 Why Study the 80x86?............ 359
16.2 Execution Unit .............. 360
16.2.1 General Purpose Registers ....... 361
16.2.2 Address Registers........... 362
16.2.3 Flags................ 363
16.2.4 Internal Buses............ 365
16.3 Bus Interface Unit.............. 365
16.3.1 Segment Addressing ........... 366
16.3.2 Instruction Queue........... 370
16.4 Memory versus I/O Ports............. 371
16.5 What's Next? ............ 372
Problems ................ 373
Chapter Seventeen: Intel 80x86 Assembly Language.... 375
17.1 Assemblers versus Compilers........... 375
17.2 Components of a Line of Assembly Language..... 376
17.3 Assembly Language Directives ........ 378
17.3.1 SEGMENT Directive.......... 378
17.3.2 .MODEL, .STACK, .DATA, and .CODE Directives . 380
17.3.3 PROC Directive ............. 381
Table of Contents xi
17.3.4 END Directive...........382
17.3.5 Data Definition Directives ....... 382
17.3.6 EQU Directive...........383
17.4 80x86 Opcodes.............. 385
17.4.1 Data Transfer............. 385
17.4.2 Data Manipulation.......... 386
17.4.3 Program Control.............387
17.4.4 Special Operations ......... 390
17.5 Addressing Modes.............. 391
17.5.1 Register Addressing ............ 391
17.5.2 Immediate Addressing......... 392
17.5.3 Pointer Addressing ......... 392
17.6 Sample 80x86 Assembly Language Programs...... 393
17.7 Additional 80x86 Programming Resources ..... 397
17.8 What's Next? ............ 398
Problems.................398

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